Temperature responses of NO and N2O emissions from boreal organic soil

Both NO and N₂O are produced in soil microbial processes and have importance in atmospheric physics and chemistry. In recent years several studies have shown that N₂O emissions from organic soils can be high at low temperatures. However, the effects of low temperature on NO emissions from soil are unknown. We studied in laboratory conditions, using undisturbed soil cores, the emissions of NO and N₂O from organic soils at various temperatures, with an emphasis on processes and emissions during soil freezing and thawing periods. We found no soil freezing- or thawing-related emission maxima for NO, while the N₂O emissions were higher both during soil freezing and thawing periods. The results suggest that different factors are involved in the regulation of NO and N₂O emissions at low temperatures.     

Effects of temperature regime on the respiratory activity of developmental stages of Lumbricus rubellus (Lumbricidae)

Rates of carbon dioxide production of cocoons, juveniles and matures of Lumbricus rubellus were measured at five constant (2°C, 5°C, 10°C, 15°C, 20°C) and three diurnally fluctuating temperature regimes (0–10°C, 5–15°C, 10–20°C) covering the whole range of temperature conditions experienced by this species in forests in Central Germany. Respiration rates of developmental stages significantly increased with temperature both under constant and fluctuating regimes. Overall, at constant temperature regimes Q₁₀ values for cocoons, juvenile and mature earthworms were 1.6, 2.7 and 2.0, respectively. At fluctuating temperature regimes Q₁₀ values were generally higher with 2.4, 3.6 and 3.5 for cocoons, juvenile and mature earthworms, respectively. At the same mean temperature respiration rates at fluctuating regimes exceeded those at constant regimes in all developmental stages.     

CO2 emission in an intensively cultivated loam as affected by long-term application of organic manure and nitrogen fertilizer

A long-term field experiment was conducted to examine the influence of mineral fertilizer and organic manure on the equilibrium dynamics of soil organic C in an intensively cultivated fluvo-aquic soil in the Fengqiu State Key Agro-Ecological Experimental Station (Fengqiu county, Henan province, China) since September 1989. Soil CO₂ flux was measured during the maize and wheat growing seasons in 2002-2003 and 2004 to evaluate the response of soil respiration to additions and/or alterations in mineral fertilizer, organic manure and various environmental factors. The study included seven treatments: organic manure (OM), half-organic manure plus half-fertilizer N (NOM), fertilizer NPK (NPK), fertilizer NP (NP), fertilizer NK (NK), fertilizer PK (PK) and control (CK). Organic C in soil and the soil heavy fraction (organo-mineral complex) was increased from 4.47 to 8.61 mg C g⁻¹ and from 3.32 to 5.68 mg C g⁻¹, respectively, after the 13 yr application of organic manure. In contrast, organic C and the soil heavy fraction increased in NPK soil to only 5.41 and 4.38 mg C g⁻¹, respectively. In the CK treatment, these parameters actually decreased from the initial C concentrations (4.47 and 3.32 mg C g⁻¹) to 3.77 and 3.11 mg C g⁻¹, respectively. Therefore, organic manure efficiently elevated soil organic C. However, only 66% of the increased soil organic C was combined with clay minerals in the OM treatment. Cumulative soil CO₂ emissions from inter-row soil in the OM and NPK treatments were 228 and 188 g C m⁻² during the 2002 maize growing season, 132 and 123 g C m⁻² during the 2002/2003 wheat growing season, and 401 and 346 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹ in 2002-2003, respectively. However, during the 2004 maize growing season, cumulative soil CO₂ emissions were as high as 617 and 556 g C m⁻², respectively, due to the contribution of rhizosphere respiration. The addition of organic manure contributed to a 16% increase in soil CO₂ emission in 2002-2003 (compared to NPK), where only 27%, 36% and 24% of applied organic C was released as CO₂ during the 2002 and 2004 maize growing seasons and in 2002-2003, respectively. During the 2002/2003 wheat growing season, soil CO₂ flux was significantly affected by soil temperature below 20 °C, but by soil moisture (WFPS) during the 2004 maize growing season at soil temperatures above 18 °C. Optimum soil WFPS for soil CO₂ flux was approximately 70%. When WFPS was below 50%, it no longer had a significant impact on soil CO₂ flux during the 2002 maize growing season. This study indicates the application of organic manure composted with wheat straw may be a preferred strategy for increasing soil organic C and sequestering C in soil.     

Microbial C and N dynamics during mesophilic and thermophilic incubations of ryegrass

Laboratory studies were conducted to determine C and N dynamics during the decomposition of ryegrass straw under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions. A K_C of 0.61 was developed for the chloroform-fumigation extraction method to estimate microbial biomass C. These estimates showed that the C and N requirement of the thermophilic biomass was approximately 50% of the mesophilic biomass. There was no relationship between chloroform-fumigation microbial biomass estimates and plating of microorganisms from straw on specific media. Mineralized C was measured as 185 and 210 g kg^-1 straw in the 25°C and 50°C treatments, respectively. The efficiency of microbial substrate use, on a total straw basis, was 34 and 28% in the 25°C and 50°C incubations, respectively. The level of soluble C declined more slowly than total C mineralization at both temperatures, indicating that a portion of the labile C was not readily biodegradable. The addition of N decreased the rate of C mineralization at both temperatures. The reduced N requirement of the thermophiles explains why rapid degradation of the high C:N residue occurred without additional N or the need for the addition of a low C:N ratio substrate. Additional inoculum did not affect the decomposition process. We conclude that the promotion of thermophilic biomass activities, through composting for example, may prove useful in upgrading agricultural wastes for introduction into sustainable cropping systems.     

过渡型小麦品种在我国非过渡地带早播条件下的生育表现

１９８８～１９９０年，用过渡型小麦品种在黑河、呼和浩特、兰州、乌鲁木齐进行早春播，在西南冬播麦区的昆明和贵阳进行早播，生长发育均正常。与当地春型小麦品种相比，成熟期因各地生态条件不同而有差别。在营养生长、营养生长和生殖生长并进、生殖生长这三大生育阶段中，过渡型小麦品种在黑河、呼和浩特、兰州、乌鲁木齐表现长—短—长的“两长一短”现象，而在昆明和贵阳则表现“三长”现象。田间春化的温度条件较宽，在日均温０～１５℃范围内均可。开花前，对日长要求不严格。生理拔节—抽穗期间的天数与同期间的“平均光温积”之间呈极显著负相关，表现温光互作效应。在一定温度范围内，抽穗—成熟天数与此期间日均温呈极显著负相关。与春型小麦品种相比，过渡型品种的千粒重较高。通过在我国非过渡地带试验，从生长发育上，过渡型小麦品种表现了较强的生态适应性     

大型容器罐温度模糊控制系统的研究

提出了实现大型容器生产过程中温度自动控制的方法。以应用实例为基点，将模糊集合图、模糊语言与推理、模糊控制器的结构原理等模糊控制的基本概念引入温度控制系统，详细介绍了一种用于大型容器生产过程中罐温的自组织模糊控制器的组成原理。     

寒地水稻抽穗期长短与温度关系研究

试验分析的结果表明：寒地水稻不同品种发生早穗现象的程度及危险性不同；抽穗期长短与移栽时秧龄、移栽后第11～20d积温、21～30d积温呈极显著正相关，说明寒地水稻抽穗期拉长造成早穗的主要原因是大秧龄移栽和移栽后遇高温。     

9TW1型兔用育仔电热片设备的研制及其应用

北方地区,冬季繁殖仔兔成活率,不足40％,为了提高冬季仔兔的成活率与增重率,研制了温控育仔电热片设备。通过三年的试验,用温控育仔电热设备育仔成活率达81％,日增重19.6g。对照组及大群生产成活率为40％,日增重12.9g,试验组比对照组与大群生产成活率提高102％,增重率提高65％。     

孵化机内温度场与风速场的实验分析

对9JF(C)—168型孵化机蛋位区风速场、温度场测试数据进行统计计算,分析了风速场与温度场变化状况及其相互间的关系,建立了蛋位区各点的温度及其均方差与风速间的定量关系式,可通过风速场测量来间接地研究测试难度较大的温度场问题。     

土壤脲酶抑制剂正丁基硫代磷酰三胺的作用基团研究

土壤脲酶抑制剂正丁基硫代磷酰三胺(nBPT)是抑制土壤中尿素水解的最有效的化合物之一。分析大连工业大学合成的土壤脲酶抑制剂nBPT抑制脲酶活性的影响因素及作用机理,结果表明:在50°C,pH=5.91时,nBPT的抑制活性达到最大值;在nBPT各结构基团中,正丁基(-NH(CH2)3CH3)、硫基(-S)对nBPT与脲酶的结合起辅助作用,胺基(-NH2)是nBPT与脲酶结合的关键基团,与脲酶活性部位巯基(-SH)结合。土壤脲酶抑制剂nBPT与脲酶的具体结合机理还有待继续研究。